Cultivating college students’ sense of moral responsibility by combining social practice is a necessary way to improve the level of university education. This paper combines the factor analysis method to conduct a questionnaire survey on college students’ sense of moral responsibility. The basic situation of the questionnaire was analyzed, and nine common factors influencing moral responsibility were extracted, including “criticism”, “reactivity”, “self-control”, “flexibility”, “sensitivity”, “tenacity”, “initiative”, “efficacy” and “self-reliance”. Further classification analysis results in seven dimensions of college students’ “moral responsibility to self, family, others, environment, society, state, and collective”, and it is clear that the mean values of college students in the two dimensions of “moral responsibility to the environment” and “moral responsibility to society” are higher than 4.1. Through the correlation test and analysis, it is clear that the sense of moral responsibility is significantly and positively correlated with the sense of social responsibility and the sense of belonging to the school at the level of 0.03, and based on this result, we propose the cultivation path of “improving college students’ sense of social responsibility and the sense of belonging to the school, and then improving the sense of moral responsibility of college students”. Cultivating college students’ sense of moral responsibility based on social practice can cultivate more high-quality talents for China.