Colleges and universities are the main positions for cultivating skilled talents adapted to the development of the society; therefore, in order to be able to better promote the improvement of the quality of employment and the quality of career planning of students in higher vocational colleges and universities, this paper explores the career planning course and employment situation in colleges and universities. This study analyzed existing studies related to career planning courses and employment situations and compiled a scale for measuring career planning courses and employment situations. Subsequently, students from six colleges and universities in Province A were taken as the survey subjects for a one-year tracking survey, and the data of the sample subjects collected on three occasions were subjected to descriptive analysis and repeated variance measurement analysis. And after the common method bias test, the Pearson correlation test, as well as the establishment of cross-lag analysis, were performed on both. According to the analysis results of this study, the career planning courses of college students during their freshman and junior years interacted with their employment during their sophomore and senior years, with β coefficients of 0.133 and 0.132, respectively. With the addition of the variable of course grades, the students’ grades of career planning courses during their junior years would have a positive effect on their career planning and employment during their senior years; course grades can all have a positive and significant effect (p < 0.05). This study contributes to the effective alleviation of college students’ employment difficulties.