This paper is based on the composition, properties, etc. of ESP lightweight concrete by modifying the surface of ESP particles. It improves the bond of concrete and develops lightweight ESP concrete with high specific strength, so as to realize the compatibility of high strength and thermal insulation performance of building materials. The thermal conductivity coefficient was determined by a thermofluid meter-type thermal conductivity meter, and the performance influence law of high specific strength EPS lightweight concrete was systematically investigated to provide a reference for engineering applications. The results show that, compared to the stone type, the stone-free primary EPS concrete has better thermal insulation performance. When the mixing ratios were similar, the effects of recycled EPS and primary EPS on the thermal insulation performance of concrete were also similar. The thermal conductivity of EPS concrete with particle sizes of 3mm, 3~5mm and 5mm showed a decreasing trend when the EPS dosage was 40%~80%. The thermal conductivity of concrete was 0.023W/m·K when the PVA dosage was 70%, which improved the thermal insulating performance of concrete.