First, the research results of using game theory in the field of agricultural product quality and safety at home and abroad are reviewed and summarised, and the shortcomings of classical games theory are pointed out in most studies. The evolutionary game theory is used to explore the strategic space and evolution trend of agricultural product supply chain. Through the construction and analysis of a game model for the evolution of agricultural product quality and safety, the evolutionary phase diagram of the agricultural product supply chain market and evolutionary stability characteristics at each equilibrium point are obtained, which well reveal the evolutionary process of the agricultural product supply chain and effectively formulate related policies. Scientific basis for ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products is provided.