In this paper, the neurons in the BP neural network are used to represent the skill-based talent cultivation feature vectors, and the feature vectors are trained on the network to obtain the vector transformation function. On the basis of the vector transformation function, after constructing the technical talent cultivation prediction model by using the backpropagation algorithm, the data indicators are determined according to the requirements of skill-based talent cultivation, and the initial data are normalized by overfitting for the technical talent cultivation prediction results. The empirical research on the synthesis of technically skilled talents in higher vocational education is designed by means of questionnaires, and the data analysis software is used to analyze the examples of skilled talent cultivation in vocational education under the background of big data technology. The results show that from 2015 to 2020, the predicted values of the number of technically skilled talents demanded in a province are 92,130, 105,396, 160,946, 225,045, 232,313 and 216,150 respectively, and the relative error values are less than 0.05 compared with the actual demand values of technically skilled talents in the same period, indicating that based on the BP neural network-based technical talent cultivation prediction model outputs a good fit between the extrapolation test prediction value and the real value. This study guides the cultivation of skilled talents in higher vocational education.