Carbon finance, as a financial tool for adapting to and mitigating global climate change, can guide enterprises to help develop digital green technological innovation and ultimately realize the transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper selects relevant control variables and applies the spatial econometric model to analyze the impact of carbon financial trading policy on enterprises’ green technological innovation, and examines the different impacts of the policy on the number of green invention-based patent applications and the number of green utility model patent applications, respectively. To examine the heterogeneity of regions and enterprise size, the samples were further grouped. Finally, a gray correlation model is used to study the main drivers of the intrinsic interactions among the three systems of digital technology innovation, carbon finance, and industrial policy. Most of the gray correlations between technological innovation and carbon finance indicators are located between 0.5 and 0.7, and the average value of the correlations of all the indicators is higher than 0.60, with only four lower than 0.65, and the highest indicator is 0.666. It indicates that the correlation between carbon finance and digital green technological innovation among enterprises is high.