This paper establishes the assessment framework of digital literacy of leading cadres based on digital competency and uses gray correlation analysis to solve the correlation degree and get the weights of assessment indexes. Based on the multi-factor gray target decision-making model to realize the comprehensive evaluation of digital literacy of leading cadres and introduce the extreme learning machine to optimize the optimal solution of its bull’s-eye distance. The digital literacy assessment framework of leading cadres given in this paper was validated by taking leading cadres in the government service center of G province as an example. The results show that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value of the digital literacy assessment framework for leading cadres constructed in this paper is 0.906, and the KMO value is 0.956, with good structure and reliability. Digital communication and collaboration, digital problem processing, digital security and ethics in the digital literacy assessment framework of leading cadres have an interpretive degree of 72.86%, and the multi-factor gray-target ELM model can be used to comprehensively evaluate the digital literacy of leading cadres, with a comprehensive evaluation score of 73.12 points. The digital literacy assessment framework for leading cadres gives a certain evaluation basis for the construction of digital government and provides a reference for improving the digital capacity of leading cadres.