This paper aims to conduct a systematic study on the career development and planning system of counselors in private colleges and universities in the new era. This study analyzes counselors’ cognition of career development with the help of Schober’s career development theory, analyzes counselors’ career planning through career choice theory, explores the influencing factors of college counselors’ careers based on the division of career development stages, and analyzes the degree of influence of different factors on counselors’ career development based on the ecological position model. When counselors make career planning, their factors are the most important, which are 4.5%, 9.06%, 22.46%, and 32.48%, higher than school factors, social factors, family factors, and role orientation, respectively. In terms of the degree of influence, the promotion policy and management system of private colleges and universities have the greatest influence on the career development of counselors, followed by the professional background and subjective will of counselors. Counselors in private colleges and universities should strengthen their career autonomy, improve planning techniques and methods to turn passivity into initiative and win career development opportunities, prepare career growth manuals, and strengthen career planning awareness.