In this paper, we first explored the mathematical model of reinforcement learning - Markov decision-making process, solved the Bellman optimal solution by strategy iteration and strategy search method, and realized dynamic planning according to the Bellman optimal solution. Then, the students’ satisfaction with practical teaching and the level of students’ vocational ability cultivation were evaluated, and the influence of practical teaching on students’ vocational ability and vocational adaptability was analyzed. Finally, the reform path for practice teaching in colleges and universities was proposed using the reinforcement learning algorithm and impact analysis. The results show that the learning effect of students in the practice teaching environment is 3.8, the learning effect in the ordinary teaching environment is 3.25, and the effect of practice teaching is significant. The correlation coefficient between practice effect and students’ vocational ability is 0.537, which indicates that practice teaching affects students’ vocational ability. This study provides an important reference value for the construction of practical teaching in colleges and universities, as well as for the reform of the college education system.