In this paper, the multi-objective optimization algorithm is first used to construct a multi-objective dynamic optimization model algorithm for enterprise coal resource development in the context of infrastructure construction, to implement optimization of multiple objectives of coal enterprises based on variable descriptions, objective functions, and constraints, and also to study the extent and utilization of coal resource exploration and development. Then the coal development example based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm is analyzed, and the effectiveness of this scheme is verified by analyzing the relationship between coal mining volume and recovery rate. The results show that the coal mining volume and coal mining speed are both increasing and then decreasing in the process of advancing the working face from 200m to 500m, and the coal mining volume gradually increases with the coal mining in the working face hollow area, and the retrieval speed is consistent with the changing trend of coal mining, which indicates that this study has reference value for safe and efficient mining and efficient resource recovery in coal mines.