Various exquisite graphic designs that can be seen everywhere beautify people’s vision and influence people’s visual aesthetics subtly. This paper starts with the visual aesthetic elements of graphic design and discusses the construction of visual aesthetic element systems in graphic design by analyzing the composition elements and aesthetic characteristics. Secondly, it proposes to use the biological visual perceptual machine model to process information through two visual pathways in a hierarchical manner. The features of graphic design images are expressed, stored, and extracted using the visual information model. Finally, the effectiveness of the bio-visual perceptual model applied to the construction of visual aesthetic elements of graphic design is verified by the Caltech5 database, Caltech256 database, and Scene15 database. The results show that the classification accuracy of the bio-visual perceptron model is 94.28%, 91.36%, and 99.75% in Caltech5, Caltech256, and Scene15 databases, respectively, which is 23.12% higher than the accuracy of other neural network models on average. The bio-visual perceptron model proposed in this paper can accurately detect the elemental features in complex graphic design, which provides a new idea and method for rapid detection and recognition for graphic design workers.