Using the CNN network model and attention mechanism, this paper completes the construction of the cognitive graph pattern layer based on Protégé programming, crawls the relevant data from the dimensions of language ability, learning ability, thinking, and cultural character of multicultural literacy in English teaching, extracts the entity-relationship of multicultural literacy in English teaching, stores it in the Neo4j corpus, and ultimately completes the construction of the cognitive graph for the cultivation of multicultural literacy in English teaching. Following simulated experiments to evaluate the algorithm’s performance, a case study was carried out to foster English multicultural literacy from the standpoint of the cognitive graph. The information demonstrates that the convolution technique and an attention mechanism work well together to increase relationship extraction efficiency. Further evidence that the cultivation of multicultural literacy in English teaching focuses on language ability, learning ability, thinking character, and cultural character in order to quickly improve students’ English multicultural literacy comes from the keywords with high word frequency in English multicultural literacy: “language ability (388, 0.899)”, “learning ability (185, 0.449)”, “thinking character” (114, 0.38), and “cultural character” (105, 0.335).