The digital economy is playing an increasingly important role in economic development and has a non-negligible impact on the innovative development of the tax system. The study measures two aspects of the digital economy and the effectiveness of tax system reform (tax governance capacity and tax administration efficiency) and constructs a benchmark model through a panel Tobit regression model and a spatial regression model. The impact of the digital economy on the effectiveness of tax system reform is empirically analyzed. The digital economy shows a significant correlation with the effectiveness of tax system reform. The regression coefficients of the digital economy on the effectiveness of tax system reform in the eastern, central, and western regions are 1.586, -1.762, and 2.153, respectively. The differences in the coefficients between the groups in the east and the center and the west and the center are 3.486 and 3.896, respectively, which indicates that the development of the digital economy has a more significant effect on the improvement of the effectiveness of tax system reform in the western region and the east. However, it is less beneficial to the effectiveness of the reform of the tax system in the central region than in the central region. The effect of tax system reform is less beneficial. The digital economy can play a significant role in promoting the reform of the tax system in both regions with high and low levels of human capital, but it has a greater effect on improving the effectiveness of the reform of the tax system in regions with high human capital.