The current artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in various fields of adult education and plays an important role in improving the comprehensive ability of students. This paper examines the multi-dimensional AI adult education management, focusing on the impact of AI on both adult education management and student cultivation. It collects data through the distribution of questionnaires and then formulates an evaluation index system to measure this impact. The study focuses on colleges and universities that implement AI technology in a specific region. The overall questionnaire scores were first explored through statistical analysis, then the assessment model of AI-driven effects was established using structural equations, and finally, the model was validated to obtain the AI-driven effects on adult education management and student cultivation. The evaluation indicators’ mean values for the five first-level dimensions are all above 3, and artificial intelligence has a positive impact on adult education management and student cultivation. Applications for assessment and evaluation, as well as management support, significantly influence the evaluation of the driving effect, with all weights exceeding 0.2. Private colleges and universities have a better AI driving effect (0.821). The current application of artificial intelligence in education management is still in the exploratory and experimental stages, and it is necessary to improve the technical means and management programs to promote high-quality and efficient education development.