In order to fit the new trend of talent cultivation and social demand, this paper proposes a new talent cultivation mode of industry-education integration and utilizes the outstanding advantages of blockchain technology in data preservation and tamper prevention to help preserve and transmit talent cultivation data between schools and enterprises more securely, and promote the realization of the new talent cultivation mode. In this paper, we propose an ECDH-based talent cultivation data sharing method between schools and enterprises, which stores users’ talent cultivation data by constructing a talent cultivation data information format and constructing talent cultivation diagnostic record transaction to lay the foundation for talent cultivation data uplinking. On this basis, the talent cultivation data information is encrypted to protect the privacy of talent cultivation data and ensure the safe sharing of personal talent cultivation data. According to experiments, the new algorithm’s average transmission rate is 6.69Mb/ms, and the last 100 rounds of power grabbing have a success rate of 0.54%. It shows that the algorithm proposed in this paper has the characteristics of being fast and safe, which helps to innovate the existing talent cultivation mode of school-enterprise cooperation. The average score of graduates’ competence has improved by 0.88 points, and more than 85% of employees agree that the new model has a positive effect.