This paper uses mathematical statistics and one-way ANOVA for the data of each index between groups to conduct comparative experiments on the teaching of elective courses of basketball, aerobics, track and field, and badminton with undergraduate students majoring in physical education at University X. The comparative analyses of changes in students’ physical health index before and after the experiments are an attempt to systematically study the extent of the influence of the elective courses of physical education in general colleges and universities on the physical fitness of college students in order to seek a more scientific and more effective curriculum program. A more scientific and effective curriculum program is being sought. The conclusions are as follows: physical education elective courses have a positive impact on students’ physical fitness and provide different opportunities. Students who chose basketball, aerobics, and badminton elective courses improved their seated forward bending, 800m/1000m, and grip strength qualities to a greater extent with significant differences (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Basketball, aerobics, track and field, and badminton all significantly improve lung capacity for both boys and girls. Basketball had the highest impact on the students’ physical fitness index, followed by aerobics.