The quest for innovative talent is more than an academic pursuit; it’s a strategic imperative for nations aiming to enhance their core competitiveness. Central to this quest is the early development of students’ scientific literacy, a focus grounded in cognitive behavior theory and enriched by the concept of ternary reciprocity. Our study introduces a novel approach to understanding and cultivating innovative talents, integrating a cognitive behavior system model to identify key influencing factors. Employing a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, we developed and tested an innovative talent cultivation strategy, yielding significant results: strategy effectiveness scores range from 2.1 to 2.3 for primary indicators and 1.8 to 2.3 for secondary indicators, with all indices showing statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) when our strategies are applied. This research not only evidences the potency of our approach but also contributes actionable insights and methodologies for future innovative talent development.