The construction of college students’ career planning and employment guidance system is an important part of the current university talent cultivation system, and the importance of career planning is becoming more and more prominent under the current severe employment situation. This paper firstly constructs the Executive regression model and LDA algorithm to deal with the content and basic data of the questionnaire survey of 600 students from 10 provinces and 30 schools, uses regression to analyze the cognition and form of college students’ career planning and the factors that have an impact on their view of choosing a career, constructs the college students’ employment guidance system at the same time, and puts forward the suggestions on the contemporary college students’ career choice and employment. The results of the study show that professional knowledge and skills, a strong sense of responsibility, optimism and cheerfulness, and good social skills are the main advantages of students. Only 47% of college students have clear career goals, while 21% have no career goals. When choosing a career, the decisive influence factor is “environment,” which accounts for 51.63%, followed by personal preferences, which account for 45.7%. After graduation, 63.72% of college students chose employment, while 17.14% and 10.34% chose to start their own business and go to graduate school, respectively. It can be seen that in order to improve the feasibility and effectiveness of college students’ career planning, colleges, and universities should strengthen the education of college students’ awareness of career planning, establish a sound career planning management and service system, and maximize college students’ employment competitiveness.