Sports interest is the internal motivation for students in physical education colleges and universities to participate in sports training enthusiastically. Based on the definition of fuzzy set and fuzzy clustering uncertainty measure, this paper utilizes the fuzzy C-mean clustering algorithm to evaluate and analyze students’ athletic training performance data by clustering, and based on the results of the analysis, it formulates the physical education teaching program based on the development of students’ athletic interest. At the same time, taking the physical education course of grade 2022 in College Q as an example, the IPA quadrant diagram was used to analyze the ‘importance-satisfaction’ of physical education teaching. The results showed that in the IPA quadrant, the five factors of teachers’ professional quality [4.89,4.13], teachers’ ability to explain [4.56,4.16], mastery of movement [4.64,4.03], novel content of teaching materials [4.46,3.99] and good image of the teacher [4.42,4.19] were in the region of high importance-satisfaction, which indicated that the continuation of these factors could improve students’ satisfaction of physical education teaching. The role can increase students’ interest in sports and overall satisfaction with physical education sports training. From the side, it verifies the feasibility of the teaching strategy proposed in this paper. It provides data support for the in-depth implementation of quality education and the cultivation of moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetic talents of all-round development.