Nowadays, smart materials appear more and more frequently in people’s daily lives, and this paper investigates the development and current status of the application of smart materials in the construction industry in view of the high energy consumption status quo of the construction industry. The goal of the energy conversion mode of piezoelectric material is to be based on the basic principle of piezoelectric sensors. Study the monitoring function of buried piezoelectric sensors on the damage to the concrete main frame. The passive energy storage method of phase change material and its integration with the building are being investigated at the same time. The performance of these two materials is then tested by applying different forces to the piezoelectric sensors with the help of linear motors, and the output voltage of the piezoelectric materials is tested, which proves its good cyclic stability. The phase change material is split into multiple layers based on heat flow direction, and each layer’s temperature is calculated separately to analyze the thermal behavior inside the material in depth. Through experimental analysis, it has been found that the output voltage of the triangular piezoelectric transducer can reach 550 V, which can be applied to optimize pavement structure and pavement energy harvesting. The phase change material has excellent energy saving and thermal insulation effect in the summer, and the average heat flux decrease rate of the wall can reach 45.0%, which greatly reduces the energy consumption of air conditioners and other temperature-controlled appliances. The application of intelligent building materials is in line with the requirements of sustainable development planning, and there is ample room for growth.