In the context of the knowledge economy, innovation is the source of sustainable development of enterprises. Compared with traditional motivational factors, intrinsic spirituality attributes are more capable of driving employees to enhance innovation performance. The article introduces workplace spirituality into the field of innovation management, explores the mechanism of workplace spirituality on employees’ innovation performance, and constructs a theoretical model with thriving at work and role breadth self-efficacy as mediator variables and viewpoint selection as moderator variables. In this study, based on 522 valid questionnaires from 72 firms, the relationships of the variables in the theoretical framework were empirically examined using structural equation modeling. The test results showed that (1) workplace spirituality positively predicted employees’ innovative performance; (2) thriving at work and role breadth self-efficacy both partially mediated the relationship between workplace spirituality and innovative performance; and (3) perspective-taking played a significant positive moderating role in the relationships between thriving at work and innovative performance, and role breadth self-efficacy and innovative performance, and perspective-taking positively moderated the mediating effects of thriving at work and role breadth self-efficacy.