Amidst the swift expansion of the global trade economy, enterprises are confronted with escalating competition within their industries. Enhancing market competitiveness to boost economic efficiency emerges as a pivotal strategy for ensuring corporate viability. This study employs applied mathematics to refine the optimization of supply chain management, thereby offering a novel approach to augmenting management efficacy in enterprise supply chains. Initially, the research adopts mathematical models tuned to the traditional structure of enterprise supply chains, addressing prevalent profiling issues. Subsequently, it introduces a two-tier planning model to facilitate multi-objective decision-making in supply chain management. This model is rigorously applied to resolve various decision-making scenarios. An empirical analysis is conducted using Company M as a case study. Post-optimization, Company M's inventory exhibited only one instance of material shortfall, involving 132 items. The capital tied up in inventory was significantly reduced to 214,092 yuan—a decrease of 36,319 yuan compared to the capital occupied under traditional supply chain management methods. Furthermore, the optimized supply chain management system demonstrated a notable increase in the average inventory turnover rate to 12.3507%, marking an improvement of 3.6923% over the traditional model. The findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed optimization in enhancing the economic efficiency of enterprise supply chain management. This optimization not only streamlines operations but also provides robust support for the ongoing development of enterprise supply chains.