To enhance the effectiveness and teaching quality of ideological and political education in colleges and universities, this study used a questionnaire survey method to collect data for teachers and students of X University. The collected data were validated and analyzed through structural equation modeling and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to ensure accuracy. The study constructed a multiple linear regression model of ideological and political education and estimated the model parameters with robustness. In particular, tutor involvement was introduced as a mediating variable to explore its mediating role between students’ personalized learning characteristics and the practical effects of ideological and political education. It was found that students’ customized learning characteristics had a significant positive impact on the functional quality of ideological and political education, with a standardized coefficient of more than 0.92. The mediating effect value of tutor involvement was 0.064, accounting for 0.703 of the total effect. Ideological and political education in colleges and universities should focus on the learning needs of students and broaden their knowledge horizons through the active participation of teachers, to effectively enhance the practical effect of ideological and political education.