In the Internet era, the combination of traditional Chinese culture and the teaching of Chinese language and literature has become an important topic of education reform, and exploring its innovative mode is of great significance for the inheritance of culture and the enhancement of teaching effect. The study adopts the independent cooperation mode, builds a new cultural position based on the Internet, and adds classroom practice links to enhance the teaching effect. The teaching activities are designed based on the framework of self-study before class, interaction during class, and summarization after class. In addition, this study uses fuzzy C-mean clustering and multiple regression analysis to mathematically model educational data and deeply analyze the influencing factors of teaching quality. Teaching experiments showed that the reformed teaching model significantly improved students’ performance, and the average grade of students increased by 9.6130 points compared with the traditional teaching model. In addition, multiple regression analysis revealed that course completion, learning engagement and teaching interaction significantly affected students’ performance. The results of this study are of practical significance for promoting the innovative development of teaching Chinese language and literature.