Although China’s higher vocational colleges and universities have achieved substantial results in school-enterprise cooperation, numerous problems have surfaced in practice. This paper analyzes the influence of strategic synergy, organizational synergy, knowledge synergy, and synergy effects within the context of school-enterprise cooperation. It also examines the role of equivalence matching factors in enhancing these synergy effects. Utilizing relevant data on school-enterprise cooperation, a synergistic education model was developed using a multilayer linear model to capture the interaction of latent variables. Subsequently, a performance measurement analysis was conducted to verify the scientific validity and effectiveness of collaborative efforts in higher vocational education. The results indicate that the synergistic performance in higher vocational institutions engaged in school-enterprise cooperation is 0.655, representing an increase of 0.107 compared to institutions without such collaboration. Implementing school-enterprise cooperation significantly enhances the synergistic performance of higher vocational institutions, thereby maximizing the benefits of this collaboration.