With the development of information technology, the development of decision support systems has been well used in the field of student sports training. In this paper, the decision tree algorithm is first improved, and an intelligent decision support model based on this algorithm is established, which reduces the amount of computation when choosing the attribute gain value when building the tree and improves the system operation speed. Data mining and sports training program generation modules are added to the template of this intelligent decision-making model, and the modules of human-computer interaction, training program development, data mining, data warehouse management, and model library, i.e., knowledge base, are designed in detail. On the basis of the development platform and development tools, the access to the system database and the operation of the decision support system for college students’ sports training plan was realized. Intelligent decision support for the sports training group in the various test items under performance enhancement is much higher than the normal training group. In the “pro” test of this project, the degree of performance enhancement and more than double compared to the control group. And the number of injuries in the experimental group is 20% less than that in the control group. It proves that the training plan provided by the system in this paper is more conducive to improving students’ sports performance, reducing the probability of students’ injuries in sports training, and scientifically and effectively accomplishing the task of intelligently adjusting the sports training plan for students in colleges and universities.