The relationship between Chinese art and design aesthetics and traditional Chinese philosophical concepts is inextricably linked. In this paper, the design elements in art design are first decomposed into characteristic elements, and the value domain of aesthetic characteristic parameters is determined by constructing the mathematical model between each characteristic element and sensual imagery. The aesthetic degree judgment method was used to quantify the aesthetic features. To examine the maximum factors that influence the aesthetic degree of art design, a multivariate quantitative model was utilized. Finally, through the quantification of aesthetics, the aesthetic concepts of national traditional culture in art design were analyzed, and the perception of aesthetics was elevated from perceptual to rational level so as to obtain the design art scheme and design law. The results show that the five elements of fire, earth, wood, water and gold colors in Chinese traditional art design, with brightness values of 65, 37, 28, 54 and 21, respectively, conform to the ratio of gray to medium tones, and generally interpret the cultural connotations of softness, harmony, conservatism, heaviness, simplicity, calmness and generosity. In this paper, we gain more knowledge about the traditional aesthetic culture in art design and encourage the application of national traditional culture in art design.