In the field of higher education in today’s era, cultivating vocal talents is crucial. This paper focuses on an innovative mechanism in vocal talent cultivation, i.e., enhancing vocal education by constructing a music recognition model based on Fourier algorithm. The Model is further applied to design a teaching aid system incorporating reinforcement learning to realize the synergistic development of digital media art and vocal talent cultivation. After rigorous testing, we found that the music recognition model has an accuracy rate of over 90% and is highly resistant to noise. In addition, by analyzing the practices of several colleges and universities’ music schools, it is observed that there are significant differences among different institutions in the four comparative items, with standard deviations exceeding 0.6. In particular, the average scores using this study’s teaching system for vocal talent cultivation are 4.312, 4.335, 4.267, and 4.354, respectively, generally higher than those of the other colleges. The mean values of these four different vocal music majors were all above 4 points. Therefore, the teaching system for vocal talent training proposed in this paper effectively improves the quality of vocal talent training and provides a new path for the practical reform and optimization of said education.