The wave of artificial intelligence and digital technology advances educational intelligence and has a profound impact on English teaching. Taking business English students in a university as an example, the study combines structural equation modeling to explore the main factors affecting students’ behavioral intention to use artificial intelligence technology to assist business English learning. Based on this basis, it analyzes the current situation of business English teaching mode and proposes a business English teaching mode based on artificial intelligence technology. Teaching experiments were conducted in two parallel classes of business English majors in a university, and questionnaires were designed to measure and compare the students’ business English proficiency levels to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed business English teaching model with artificial intelligence. The results show that the factors directly influencing students’ behavioral intention to use AI technology-assisted learning are performance expectation, effort expectation, facilitation, and attitude (p < 0.05). The business English proficiency of the students who practiced the AI teaching model improved by 4.39% and 5.47% compared with the students in the pre-experimental and traditional models. Specifically, there was a significant difference in language comprehension, language evaluation, and language use. This paper’s research results validate the enhancement impact of artificial intelligence technology on business English language teaching and enhance the theoretical research on business English language teaching.