Article
Kinetic Study of Sulfonated Chitosan by Sulfuric Acid
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Abstract
The proton exchange membrane (PEM) for fuel cell applications is synthesized from hydrophilic chitosan (CS) via sulfonation using sulfuric acid under different conditions. Sulfonation is confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR). Two reaction kinetics models, namely the first-order reversible and first-order irreversible models, are evaluated. The kinetics follow the first-order irreversible model, with the activation energy (Ea) calculated to be 35.6 kJ/mol for the CS repeat unit, indicating a non-spontaneous reaction.
Keywords
Chitosan, degree of sulfonation, kinetic study, rate of reaction, activation energy
Citation
Abd-Elnaeem, S. G., Hafez, A. I., & El-Khatib, K. M. (2025). Kinetic study of sulfonated chitosan by sulfuric acid. Water, Energy, Food and Environment, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18576/wefej/060101
S. G. Abd-Elnaeem, A. I. Hafez and K. M. El-Khatib, “Kinetic study of sulfonated chitosan by sulfuric acid,” Water, Energy, Food and Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2025, doi: 10.18576/wefej/060101.
Abd-Elnaeem SG, Hafez AI, El-Khatib KM. Kinetic study of sulfonated chitosan by sulfuric acid. Water, Energy, Food and Environment. 2025;6(1):1–11. doi:10.18576/wefej/060101.
Abd-Elnaeem, S. G., Hafez, A. I. and El-Khatib, K. M. (2025), ‘Kinetic study of sulfonated chitosan by sulfuric acid’, Water, Energy, Food and Environment, 6(1), pp. 1–11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18576/wefej/060101.
Abd-Elnaeem, Sara G., et al. “Kinetic Study of Sulfonated Chitosan by Sulfuric Acid.” Water, Energy, Food and Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, 2025, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18576/wefej/060101.
Abd-Elnaeem, Sara G., Azza I. Hafez, and Kamel M. El-Khatib. “Kinetic Study of Sulfonated Chitosan by Sulfuric Acid.” Water, Energy, Food and Environment 6, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18576/wefej/060101.
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Published by: Engineering Journals
