Taking college students as the research object, this paper constructs an interactive platform for college physical education teaching and introduces the specific steps of using this platform. Afterwards, based on this platform, a semester-long teaching practice was conducted for college students. The questionnaire survey method was used to investigate the difference between the experimental class and the control class in terms of sports participation under the interactive teaching platform, which provides a reference basis for improving the sports teaching reform of colleges and universities by displaying the interactive platform. The mean values of the scores of the experimental class students in the post-test were greater than those in the pre-test, and the corresponding t values of the two students in the three aspects of “students’ health consciousness, students’ self-control and sports interactive participation” were −11.152, −14.323 and −26.439, respectively, and the difference between the results of the pre and post-tests was highly significant (P 0.05); the difference between the two groups of students in the 6 aspects of interest in physical education learning and participation in physical education interactions was highly significant after the completion of the experiment (P = 0.000). The investigation of the sports participation behavior of the two groups of students found that different stages, different genders and parents with or without exercise experience have an impact on the students’ sports participation behavior, and the application of the augmented reality interactive platform has a great enhancement on the students’ sports participation.