Educational resources of colleges and universities are a guarantee to provide high-quality practitioners for regional economic development. It is of theoretical and practical significance to study the allocation efficiency of university educational resources. In this study, based on the input-output theory of college education resources, 15 relevant indicators were selected to complete the screening of assessment indicators for the allocation efficiency of college education resources. Sixty colleges and universities in Province A were selected as samples, and the input factors related to human, material and financial resources and the output factors related to talent cultivation, scientific research and social services were extracted respectively by using the factor analysis method. The DEA model is used to assess the efficiency of distributing educational resources among 60 colleges and universities in Province A. Further, the Tobit model is used to explore the influencing factors behind it, and after factor analysis, it is found that in addition to the economic development level of Province A, the total population, the scale of education and the level of teaching faculty in Province A are the factors that have a significant impact on the efficiency of allocation of education resources in Province A. Finally, according to the assessment results of the efficiency of educational resource allocation in colleges and universities, the optimization measures of educational resource allocation efficiency applicable to Province A are derived, which indirectly shows that the mathematical and statistical strategies proposed in this paper are reasonable and effective.