As a new type of heat insulation technology, nanoporous aerogel superinsulation technology has high research value. In this paper, the preparation of nanoporous aerogel insulation material is applied to the energy-saving insulation of high-temperature steam pipes in thermal power plants. According to the material’s inhibition of solid-phase, gas-phase, and radiation heat conduction characteristics, the establishment of a thermal power plant high-temperature steam pipeline heat transfer model so as to calculate and analyze the energy-saving thermal insulation effect of the high-temperature steam pipeline after application. It is found that the material has superior thermal insulation function, and its application in high-temperature steam pipelines can bring obvious heat loss reduction and significant economic benefits.