In this paper, the maximum Lyapunov exponent and chaotic phase space reconstruction method of the chaotic computing model are studied, the embedding dimension is obtained by using the saturated correlation dimension method, and the fractal scale of the chaotic model is determined by the DFA method. Based on the relevant policy documents, an index system for assessing the level of government digital construction is constructed, and the weights of each index are calculated. The constructed index system is used to analyze the digital construction level and digital service quality of the Chinese government, and the evolutionary characteristics of the standardized construction of China’s digital government are analyzed based on the chaotic computing model. The results show that the total score of each provincial government in the sample reaches above 90, only one provincial government has a total score below 80, and the average score of the total score reaches 85.72, which indicates that most of the provincial governments in China have a good level of digital construction. The purpose of this study is to promote and optimize the digital construction of provincial governments and improve their digital construction level, which is of greater practical significance.