The arrival of the big data era makes the amount of data explosive growth, which puts forward new challenges and demands for computer network technology, and the integration of big data and network technology has become an important trend. This paper uses the optimization strategy and the elimination mechanism of the genetic algorithm to optimize the inertia weight and particle position speed updating mechanism of the particle swarm algorithm and combines the searching method of the Tennessee whisker algorithm with the sharing mechanism of the particle swarm algorithm to achieve the optimal data searching ability. Finally, the improved artificial intelligence algorithm and MapReduce are combined to improve the performance of the computer neural network algorithm in big data processing. The average data redundancy rate of this paper’s algorithm for big data processing is only 1.18%, and the resource integration checking rate always exceeds 85%, according to simulation experiments. In addition, the algorithm also shows good performance in practical applications, and it can achieve accurate classification of big data labels in big data label classification tasks while maintaining a low energy overhead. Meanwhile, it can accurately recognize electronic medical record data in large medical databases. Big data processing can benefit greatly from the proposed neural network algorithm in this paper.