College sports is an important part of college education, has the important function of fitness and heart health, and is an important way to cultivate the mental health of college students. This paper selects a representative number of colleges and universities from a certain region as the object of investigation, measures the organic integration of college sports and aesthetic education, and proposes the whole-process teaching design for the organic integration of college sports and aesthetic education after digging into the implementation of aesthetic education in college sports courses. On this basis, two natural classes in a college are taken as experimental objects to carry out intervention experiments on the integration of physical education and aesthetic education, diagnose the mental health level of college students by using the symptom self-assessment scale, and compare the mental health level of college students before and after the experiment by using the mathematical statistics method. The current teaching methods of physical education and aesthetic education are relatively traditional, focusing on the lecture-question-and-answer method (84.8%), the movement demonstration method (77.6%), and the movement decomposition and overall practice method (64.8%). After the teaching experiment, the mental health of the students in the two classes showed significant differences in each factor item (p < 0.05). The mental health level of the students in the class that used the integration of sports and aesthetic education for teaching was reduced by 16.83% and 13.77% compared with the pre experimentation and the control class, respectively. The organic integration of sports and aesthetic education has a certain promotion effect on the mental health of college students.