This paper focuses on the high-quality detection of hidden safety hazards in transmission and OPGW lines, and adopts neural network technology as the research basis. A Faster-R-CNN network structure model is constructed to realize end-to-end target detection by combining RPN and Fast-R-CNN network structure. To further improve the detection accuracy, the BAM algorithm is introduced to enhance the Faster-R-CNN, to realize the accurate detection of hidden dangers in transmission and OPGW lines. This paper also compares the performance of the traditional and improved algorithms, and explores the practical application effect of the constructed model in depth. The experimental results show that the enhanced Faster-R-CNN algorithm significantly improves the correctness of observation in the sky and land regions, with an average accuracy mean value of about 26%, especially when observing field villages, factories, playgrounds, urban areas and swimming pools. Therefore, the improved algorithm proposed in this study effectively enhances the detection capability and accuracy of hidden safety hazards in transmission and OPGW lines.