The traditional high school physical education classroom teaching mode often focuses only on learning sports skills and knowledge and ignores the rich civic-political elements contained in sports. This paper constructs an index system for the construction of Civics and Politics in physical education courses based on vocational colleges and universities and identifies a total of 4 level 1 indexes through screening, which are Civics and Politics objectives, Civics and Politics teaching, Civics and Politics resources, and Civics and Politics evaluation. Taking 25 vocational colleges and universities in a certain province as the research object, using data mining method and K-means clustering method to cluster analyze the level of the construction of sports course ideology and politics in each school, the 4 evaluation indicators were classified into 3 major types. According to the results of the type evaluation, the types of sports program construction of different schools were determined. Subsequently, the data were discriminantly analyzed, and the clustering model and discriminant function were constructed to discriminate between established cluster types and known data. The accuracy and error rates were calculated, and a total of 15 institutions were identified as being in the general type. An optimization path for the construction of sports curriculum civics was proposed. The experimental subjects were selected to apply the path of the Civic and Political Construction of Physical Education Courses in Vocational Colleges and Universities to test the implementation effect of the optimization path of the Civic and Political Construction of Physical Education Courses. The results showed that the average values after the experiment were higher than those before the experiment. They were improved by 0.887, 1.034, 1.113, 0.941, 0.966, 1.121, 1.331, 1.279, and 1.124, respectively, which showed that the Physical Education Courses Civic Building Optimization has better results in the improvement of Civic Education.