In today’s complex, changing, and competitive market environment, active and serious fulfillment of social responsibility is one of the important strategies for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. This paper combines relevant literature to construct the performance index system of sustainable development responsibility of biomedical enterprises, and then determines the weights of the evaluation index system based on game theory by jointly applying the Gl method and the CRITIC method, and constructs a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for the evaluation of sustainable development responsibility of biomedical enterprises. Based on this, relevant sample data of biomedical enterprises are crawled through data-driven technology to measure the fulfillment of sustainable development responsibility of the sample enterprises and further combined with structural equation modeling to explore the improvement path of sustainable development responsibility. The sample biopharmaceutical enterprises are affiliated with either poor or poor, except for the overall responsibility of the sample biopharmaceutical enterprises in 2017, 2019, and 2022, which are in the middle. Responsibility to employees (ER), responsibility to consumers (CR), responsibility to society and government (GR), responsibility to the environment (IR), and responsibility to suppliers (SR) all significantly and positively affect the sustainability responsibility of biopharmaceutical companies (all p < 0.01). Biopharmaceutical enterprises should serve society with more scientific concepts, leaner management, and safer and more reliable pharmaceutical products to achieve sustainable development and gain wider social recognition.